Concept, classification and valuation of intangible assets. Main types of intangible assets Types of intangible assets and their brief characteristics

Introduction

In an open market economy, everything that can generate income is involved in economic turnover. Ultimately, this approach helps to increase the efficiency of social production. Such accounting objects include the so-called intangible, “intangible” assets. Among developed market segments, they are an integral part of the market for goods and services. Intangible assets are widely used and their share is very significant in the composition of the property of individual companies.

The emerging practice of working with this type of property is currently faced with different interpretations in the economic literature of the concept itself, the essence of the subject.

Intangible assets can wear out over time. There are several ways to calculate depreciation of intangible assets.

Accounting for intangible assets and their depreciation is carried out on accounting accounts, which are very different in structure.

1 Intangible assets

1.1 Concept of intangible assets

Intangible assets are understood as long-term use objects (more than 1 year) that do not have material content, but have a valuation and generate income. As mentioned earlier, intangible assets also include some types of intellectual property (exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity).

Intellectual property objects can be divided into 2 types: regulated by patent law and regulated by copyright law.

Patent law protects the content of a work. To protect inventions, utility models, industrial designs, trade names, trademarks, service marks, they must be registered according to the established procedure with the relevant authorities. The list of objects protected by patent law is exhaustive.

Registration of objects governed by copyright is not necessary. The author is obliged to express his work in any objective form that allows the specified object to be reproduced. The list of objects regulated by copyright is approximate and can be expanded by creating new works.

1.2 Valuation of intangible assets

Intangible assets are accepted for accounting at their historical cost.

The initial cost of intangible assets acquired for a fee is determined as the sum of all actual acquisition costs with the exception of value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

Based on the requirements of the Federal Law “On Accounting” and the Regulations on Accounting and Financial Reporting in the Russian Federation, the actual costs for the acquisition of intangible assets are:

In case of purchase for a fee:

Amounts paid in accordance with the agreement of assignment (acquisition) of rights to the copyright holder (seller);

Amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of intangible assets;

Registration fees, customs duties, patent duties and other similar payments made in connection with the assignment (acquisition) of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of an intangible asset;

Remunerations paid to the intermediary organization through which the intangible asset was acquired;

Other expenses directly related to the acquisition of intangible assets.

When paying for acquired intangible assets, if the terms of the contract provide for a deferred or installment payment, the actual expenses are taken into account in the full amount of accounts payable, that is, taking into account interest for the deferred or installment payment.

When acquiring intangible assets, additional costs may arise to bring them into a state in which they are suitable for use for the intended purposes. Such expenses may include remuneration of the workers involved, corresponding contributions to social insurance and security, material and other expenses. Additional expenses increase the initial cost of intangible assets.

In case of creation of intangible assets directly by the organization (enterprise) itself

The exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity obtained in the performance of official duties or on a specific assignment of the employer belongs to the employing organization;

The exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity obtained by the author (authors) under an agreement with a customer who is not an employer belongs to the customer organization;

A certificate for a trademark or for the right to use the appellation of origin of a product is issued in the name of the organization.

The initial cost of intangible assets contributed as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed upon by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The capitalization of intangible assets received by an organization under a gift agreement and in other cases of gratuitous receipt is carried out at market value on the date of acceptance for accounting. This is reflected in the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” and the credit of account 98 “Deferred income”, and then in the debit of account 04 “Intangible assets” and the credit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”

The initial cost of intangible assets received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) not in cash is determined based on the cost of goods (valuables) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of goods transferred or to be transferred by an organization is established based on the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (valuables).

If it is impossible to establish the value of the values ​​received or to be received by the organization under such contracts, the value of the intangible assets received by the organization is determined based on the price at which similar intangible assets are acquired in comparable circumstances.

The value of intangible assets at which they are accepted for accounting is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The assessment of intangible assets, the value of which upon acquisition is determined in foreign currency, is carried out in rubles by converting foreign currency at the Bank of Russia exchange rate valid on the date of acquisition by the organization of objects by right of ownership, economic management, and operational management.

Legal entities may own any property (with the exception of certain types in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation), in any quantity and value. Commercial and non-profit organizations, except for state and municipal enterprises, as well as institutions financed by the owner, are the owners of property transferred to them as contributions (contributions) by their founders (participants, members), as well as property acquired by these legal entities on other grounds.

A state or municipal unitary enterprise, to which the property belongs by right of economic management, owns, uses and disposes of this property within the limits.

An enterprise does not have the right to sell real estate owned by it under the right of economic management, rent it out, pledge it, make a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of business companies and partnerships, or otherwise dispose of this property without the consent of the owner.

Consequently, intangible assets, regardless of the method of acquisition and ownership, must be used according to their intended purpose and bring economic benefit to the organization.

1.3 Forms of primary accounting documents

Accounting for intangible assets is carried out on the basis of primary documents similar to documents for accounting for fixed assets (act of acceptance of intangible assets, inventory card for accounting for intangible assets, etc.). Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a (as amended and supplemented on January 21, 2003) “On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for labor and its payment, fixed assets and intangible assets, materials, low-value and wear-and-tear items, work in capital construction" contains one unified form of the primary document for accounting for intangible assets - the "Intangible Asset Accounting Card". Organizations can independently develop forms of relevant primary documents. The basis for drawing up an acceptance certificate are documents describing intangible assets, such as, for example, documents confirming rights of use.

In accordance with the characteristics of intangible assets, the documents on their receipt and disposal must give their characteristics, indicate the order and period of use, initial cost, depreciation rate, date of commissioning and decommissioning and some other details.

1.4 Receipt of intangible assets

The main types of receipts of intangible assets are:

Acquisition;

Creation on your own or with the involvement of third parties on a contract basis;

Purchase on exchange terms;

Receipt as a contribution to the authorized capital of the organization;

Free admission;

Receipt of intangible assets for joint activities.

Expenses for the acquisition and creation of intangible assets are classified as long-term investments and are reflected in the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets” subaccount 08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets” from the credit of settlement, material and other accounts. After accounting for acquired or created intangible assets, they are reflected in the debit of account 04 “Intangible assets” from the credit of account 08.

The receipt of intangible assets by way of barter (exchange) is also initially reflected on account 08 in correspondence with the credit of account 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” or 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” with subsequent reflection in the debit of account 04 from the credit of account 08. Property objects transferred by barter are written off from the credit of the corresponding accounts (01, 10, 40, etc.) to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses.”

Intangible assets contributed by the founders or participants on account of their contributions to the authorized capital of the organization (at an agreed value) are reflected in the debit of account 08 “Investments in non-current assets”, subaccount 08-5 “Acquisition of intangible assets” in correspondence with the credit of account 75 “Settlements with founders." Then the posting debit 04 and credit 08 is reflected.

Acceptance for accounting of intangible assets received from other organizations free of charge is initially reflected in the debit of account 08 and the credit of account 98 “Deferred income”, then at the time of commissioning an entry is made in debit 04 and credit 08

1.5 Account 04 Intangible assets. Characteristics, correspondence on debit and credit.

The subject of intangible assets (IMA) appeared in the accounting of an enterprise relatively recently. This does not mean that the asset is in any way exotic or rare. The range of accounted intangible assets, on the contrary, is extensive and practically not limited by law, however, the asset must meet certain requirements in order to fall into this category.

At the moment there is no clear definition for this name, guided by the accounting regulations, number 14/07 “Accounting for intangible assets”, a definition of this type can be derived: intangible assets in accounting are an accountable and assessable part of the financial potential of an organization, having no physical form, serving to generate profit over time.

The key characteristic here is the company's ability to prove the legal validity of its claims to ownership of these assets.

Characteristics of intangible assets

The concept of this phenomenon is extremely vague; problems often arise with isolating and separating such assets into a separate category for accounting. It is still possible to identify the main criteria that distinguish intangible assets:

• lack of material and physical form;
• the existence of a high probability of receiving income from the use of this resource;
• the existence of a legally justified right to use and own an asset owned by the organization;
• availability of appraised value;
• prospects for long-term use of the asset.

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The legislation (IFRS 38) identifies the following requirements, compliance with which allows intangible assets to be classified as a separate category: in accounting:

• the ability of an object to generate profit for the organization. At the same time, profitability from intangible assets should be easily distinguishable, separately from other means of production;
• Intangible assets must themselves be a product of production;
• legal confirmation of ownership of the asset;
• obligatory lack of form in an object.

The legal basis for claims to own an asset is a separate requirement and is key here. Confirmation of ownership is necessary not only to obtain benefits from the use of intangible assets, but also to prohibit other participants from such an opportunity.

Examples of intangible assets

As mentioned above, such an intangible asset can be own development of the enterprise, obtained as a result of research activities.

Consider the following example: a company engaged in growing vegetable crops in greenhouses can, at its own expense, develop a number of technologies that will increase the efficiency of the enterprise.

These could be, for example:

• a unique technology for creating hydroponics, the implementation of which will increase the yield;
• automated roof of the building, with inserts of solar panels, ensuring the operation of the enterprise;
• a program for a computer that controls the supply of a useful solution to the roots and the movement of the roof sashes depending on solar activity;
• registered trademark “Products of the Sun”, reflecting the production model at this enterprise.

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All intangible assets from the list can be developed by the company independently or acquired externally.

What are intangible assets and what methods of depreciation exist, you can find out in the following video:

Intangible assets in the transition to a market economy are an integral factor in economic activity that generates income for the enterprise, intangible assets (from the Latin tangere - to touch, feel).

In accordance with IFRS No. 38 “Intangible assets” dated 07/01/1999, intangible or intangible assets are assets that do not have a physical or natural form, but they bring additional income to the enterprise for a long time. In this regard, intangible assets such as goodwill, trademarks, patents and others acquired by the enterprise at a measurable cost are included in the enterprise's funds. Accounting for tangible and intangible assets has significant similarities. However, difficulties arise in accounting for intangible assets; they consist in identifying and estimating their useful life; in particular, the lack of physical content makes it difficult to estimate the service life period, which becomes difficult to determine.

There are intangible assets that can be identified separately from other assets of an enterprise. For example: patents, trademarks and franchises. In turn, other intangible assets cannot be identified separately, but rather their value is derived from their interaction with other assets of the firm. This can be seen in the example of goodwill, which is based on customer confidence or the skill level of employees.

An intangible asset can be defined if it can be leased, exchanged, sold, or if it can be determined and attributed to the expected future economic benefits directly to the asset.

Intended economic benefits directly associated with a given intangible asset can be justified if:

• 1) the role of the intangible asset will be determined in increasing future economic benefits;
• 2) there is an intention and ability to use this asset in the enterprise, this ability and intention must be demonstrated by feasibility studies and business plans;
• 3) the enterprise has adequate technical, financial and other resources that allow it to obtain expected future economic benefits, for example: there are agreements with credit institutions and partners.

Intangible assets, according to the acquisition cost principle, should be reflected at their cost of acquisition. All costs incurred in connection with the acquisition of an intangible asset, including the purchase price, freight and legal costs or any other costs associated with the acquisition, are included in the acquisition cost. In other words, the cost of acquisition is the current market value of all payments or the asset received, whichever is most reliably determined.

The initial cost of intangible assets acquired as part of a combination of organizations is recognized at cost:

• 1) established by the seller on the basis of the last purchase and sale transaction of an intangible asset of a similar type, if before the date of this transaction the economic conditions that existed at the time of the last purchase and sale transaction of this type of intangible assets did not change.
• 2) sales on the date of the transaction, which is reliable only if there is an active market for this type of intangible assets;

In a business combination, the acquirer recognizes all intangible items that, at the transaction date, meet the criteria for recognition of intangible assets and meet the definition, even if they are not recognized as intangible assets in the financial statements of the acquiree.

If there is no active market for an intangible asset acquired as part of a business combination, if its value cannot be measured reliably, the asset is not recognized as a separate intangible asset but is included in goodwill.

When purchasing an intangible asset on credit at its original cost, the remuneration paid for the loan is not included and is expensed for the period.

When an intangible asset is acquired from the government free of charge or for a nominal value, or acquired through a government subsidy, the initial cost is recognized at the realizable value, which is reliable if it is determined taking into account an active market for this type of intangible asset.

It can be difficult to assess whether an internally generated intangible asset meets the recognition criteria. It is often difficult:

• 1) In some cases, the cost of an internally generated intangible asset cannot be distinguished from the cost of maintaining or enhancing internally generated goodwill or conducting day-to-day operations, so it is difficult to reliably determine the cost of the asset.
• 2) determine whether and when an identifiable asset appears that will create probable future economic benefits;

Based on the amount of actual direct costs and overhead costs that can be allocated on a reasonable basis for the preparation and creation of an asset for its intended use, incurred from the moment the intangible item meets the definition and recognition criteria for intangible assets, the initial cost of the intangible asset created by itself is recognized. enterprise.

To determine whether an internally created intangible asset meets the recognition criteria, an entity classifies the creation of the asset into:

• 1) research phase;
• 2) development phase;

Research is planned, original research conducted in order to obtain new scientific and technical knowledge, which, in the future, may be useful in the development of new products and services. Research can be applied, aimed at obtaining a certain practical result, and basic, not initially focused on obtaining any practical results.

The application of research findings or existing knowledge and experience to produce new or improved materials, products, devices, technologies, systems or services before commercial production or use is called development.

An intangible asset arising from development or from the development phase of an internal project can only be recognized when the company can demonstrate the following:

• 1) that it is available for use or sale; the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset;
• 2) their desire to complete the intangible asset and use it for its intended purpose or sell it;
• 3) a plan for how the intangible asset will create probable future economic benefits. And, for the results of an intangible asset or the intangible asset itself or, if its internal use is intended, the utility of the intangible asset, the company must demonstrate the existence of a market;
• 4) availability of sufficient financial, technical, and other resources to use or sell the intangible asset and to complete the development;
• 5) during its development, the ability to reliably estimate the costs related to the intangible asset.

Intangible assets are divided by industry of their use. One of these industries is manufacturing. In production, as a rule, such types of assets are used as a license agreement for software used on high-tech machines under program control, organizational expenses, know-how, industrial designs, in any way related to production. The agreement to transfer the rights to use licenses is called a license agreement. Know-how, trademark licensing agreements may provide for the transfer of a patent license. “Know-how” is information of a technical, official or commercial organizational nature that has actual or potential commercial value due to its unknownness to third parties. This information is not freely accessible legally, and the owner of the information takes measures to protect its confidentiality. Unlike other objects of industrial property, “know-how” is not subject to registration, but is protected by a ban on its disclosure to persons who have access to this information. Under an agreement on the transfer of “know-how,” the “know-how” itself is transferred, and not the right to use it. Mandatory elements of an agreement on the transfer of know-how are a description of all the characteristics of the transferred object, measures to protect confidentiality and assistance in the practical feasibility of the know-how. Complex transfer of several patents and associated new developments, and the number of licensing agreements for the use of know-how without invention patents is also growing. Licensing agreements of the last two types provide, in addition to the transfer of technical knowledge, the provision by the licensor, the owner of the patent, of related engineering services for organizing licensed production, as well as corresponding supplies of equipment, raw materials, and individual components.

License agreements vary. The presence or absence of the licensor’s obligation to provide the licensee with information about new improvements in licensed equipment during the term of the agreement. Depending on whether they allow the export of licensed products, completely exclude it or partially restrict it. According to the method of technology transfer, when a license is granted independently or simultaneously with the conclusion of a contract for the construction of a facility, the provision of engineering services, and the supply of complete equipment. Inventions are subject to legal protection if they are new, have an inventive step and are industrially applicable, or are known devices, methods, substances, but have a new application. For an invention, a patent is issued for a period of up to 20 years and the priority of the invention, authorship, as well as the exclusive right to use it are certified. A distinctive feature of the patentability of an industrial design is its novelty, originality and industrial applicability. A patent for an industrial design is issued for a period of up to 10 years and can be extended for another period of up to 5 years. The constructive implementation of the component parts is a utility model. The distinctive features of the utility model are novelty and industrial applicability. Legal protection of a utility model is carried out in the presence of a certificate issued by the patent department for a period of up to 10 years and extended at the request of the patent holder for an additional period of up to 3 years.

Assets associated with commercial activities are the next type of intangible assets by industry of use. This type of asset includes trademarks and the name of the place of origin of goods.

Associated with the business reputation of an enterprise is a company name, which is the commercial name of the enterprise. Under this name, the entrepreneur bears legal responsibility and exercises his rights and obligations, makes transactions and other legal actions, advertises and sells his products under this name. Having become popular with consumers and trusted by a business partner, a brand name brings the entrepreneur not only a lot of dividends, but also well-deserved respect in society and recognition of his merits. When using a company name, a significant information function is also performed, since information about the ownership, type and organizational form of the enterprise is brought to the attention of third parties. The service mark and trademark, which mark the goods produced and services provided, are an active link between the manufacturer and the consumer, acting as a silent seller. Along with distinctive functions, popular trademarks evoke in the consumer a certain perception of the quality of the product. Advertising of manufactured products is one of the important functions of a trademark, since a trademark that has won the trust of consumers contributes to the promotion of any product marked with this mark. It is also known that on the world market the price of a product with a trademark is on average 15-20% higher than that of goods without a trademark. And of course, a trademark is used in the fight against unfair competition and serves to protect products on the market. Similar functions are also performed by such a means of designating products as the name of the place of origin of the goods. Along with them, the designation of a product by the name of its place of origin acts as a guarantee of the presence in the product of special unique properties determined by the place of its production. Another type of intangible assets are assets with rights of use. These include rights to inventions, rights to use land, copyrights, licenses related to the rights to use natural resources.

Rights to use natural resources constitute the right to use a land plot, subsoil, for example, for the extraction of minerals and the right to geological and other information about the subsoil.

Other types of intangible assets include: goodwill, intellectual property and other intangible assets.

Several types of use rights include intellectual property. The content of the work is protected by patent law. To protect inventions, industrial designs, utility models, brand names, service marks, trademarks, they must be registered according to the established procedure with the relevant authorities. The list of objects protected by patent law is exhaustive.

Registration of objects regulated by copyright is not required. The author is obliged to express his work in any objective form that allows the specified object to be reproduced. The list of objects regulated by copyright is approximate and can be expanded by creating new works.

Intangible assets are assets that have no physical expression but still provide significant value to the organization.
Intangible assets must meet the following conditions:

• lack of material-material (physical) structure;
• the possibility of identification (separation, separation) by the organization from other property;
• use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, or for management needs;
• using them for a long time, that is, a useful life of more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months;
• the ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization in the future;
• the presence of properly executed documents confirming the existence of the asset itself and the organization’s exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity (patents, certificates, other documents of protection, agreement of assignment (acquisition) of a patent, trademark, etc.).

Intangible assets include property rights belonging to the owner:

• on objects of industrial property;
• on works of science, literature and art;
• on objects of related rights;
• for computer programs and computer databases;
• on the use of intellectual property arising from license and copyright agreements;
• for the use of natural resources of the land;
• other: licenses to carry out a type of activity, licenses to carry out foreign trade and quota-based operations, licenses to use the experience of specialists, rights of trust management of property.

More on topic 3.6 Concept and characteristics of intangible assets:

1. §1. Real estate as an investment object The concept of real estate
2. 2.2. RUSSIAN ACCOUNTING STANDARDS (RAS): GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
3. 5.3. CONCEPT AND LEGAL REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING REPORTING
4. III. SUBJECT INDEX OF BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS, CALCULATION ALGORITHMS, ILLUSTRATIVE DIAGRAMS AND TABLES
5. Business reputation: concept, signs, relationship with honor, dignity and good name.
6. 2.3 The concept of innovation law and its relationship with the main branches of Russian law
7. 3.1. General characteristics of innovative legal relations arising in connection with the implementation of innovative activities
8. General characteristics of innovation legislation of the Russian Federation
9. § 2. Concept and qualifying features of an investment agreement
10. §1. The concept and characteristics of an enterprise as a property complex according to the Civil Legislation of the Russian Federation.
11. § 2. Entrepreneurial associations: concept, types, creations
12. Concept and characteristics of a commercial concession agreement
13. 1.1 The concept of ensuring the protection of property and non-property rights of the victim - a legal entity in criminal proceedings

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Intangible assets (IMA) for accounting and analysis purposes can be classified according to various criteria. Intangible assets can be grouped by type, source of receipt, useful life, etc. We will tell you more about the classification of intangible assets in our consultation.

Classification of intangible assets by type

The main classification of intangible assets can be carried out according to types of intangible assets. So, for example, the following types of intangible assets can be distinguished:

• the exclusive right of the patent holder to the invention;
• the exclusive right of the patent holder to an industrial design;
• the exclusive right of the patent holder to a utility model;
• the exclusive right of the author to use the computer program;
• the exclusive right of the author to use the topology of integrated circuits;
• exclusive right to a trademark;
• exclusive right to a service mark;
• exclusive right to the appellation of origin of goods;
• exclusive right to a company name;
• the exclusive right of the patent holder to selection achievements;
• possession of know-how regarding industrial experience;
• positive business reputation, etc.

At the same time, the types of intangible assets in their classification are not the only basis for grouping intangible assets.

Other classifications of intangible assets

Let's present some types of classifications of intangible assets in the table, highlighting other characteristics of the group:

In addition, using data, it is possible to classify them on other grounds. For example, by studying the value of intangible assets by type in dynamics, it is possible, for example, to identify objects whose value increased or decreased during the reporting period. And by calculating the turnover ratios of intangible assets or their profitability, as well as determining the standard values ​​of these ratios for the organization, it is possible to classify intangible assets into turnover and profitability groups.