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According to the law, the bank is obliged to guarantee its clients the secrecy of bank accounts, deposits, loans and any transactions on them.

Issues discussed in the material:

• Is banking secrecy violated when transmitting information to collectors?
• What is the liability for violating bank secrecy?

What is bank secrecy? Federal Law N 395-I “On banks and banking activities”

Bank secrecy is information about the client that the bank does not have the right to transfer to third parties. In this article we will talk in detail about information that constitutes banking secrecy and in what situations they can be disclosed to the competent authorities. In accordance with Article No. 26 of the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 N 395-I “On Banks and Banking Activities,” bank secrecy includes information about accounts, deposits and transactions of clients and correspondents of banks and other credit organizations.

The concept of bank secrecy implies information at the disposal of a credit institution and which can be disclosed to third parties only in exceptional cases established by Federal Law No. 395-I “On Banks and Banking Activities”. The task of any bank is to maintain the confidentiality of client information. It should be understood that the leak of information, for example, about the amount of savings on deposits, can cause significant consequences, in particular, criminal prosecution of the deposit owner for the purpose of profit or blackmail. In Russian legislation, there are two main documents that enshrine the concept of bank secrecy and the information that forms it:

• Federal Law N 395-I “On Banks and Banking Activities”
• Civil Code of the Russian Federation

If we analyze these regulatory documents, we can determine that the information constituting bank secrecy includes the following information:

• Passport data of bank clients (for individuals);
• Bank details of the organization (for legal entities);
• Client information about property availability and income level;
• The fact of opening an account (accounts), its number and date of opening, type of account, account currency;
• The fact of the presence of funds in the account (money, unallocated metal accounts), amount, interest on the deposit, term of the agreement;
• The existence of a loan, terms of repayment and receipt, interest rate on the loan;
• Movement of funds in accounts and deposits. Such information includes replenishing a deposit, withdrawing money, transferring to your own accounts or the accounts of other persons.

In short, banking secrecy is any information about bank clients and the transactions they make with their accounts.

Disclosure of bank secrecy about legal entities

Separately, it is worth considering the issue of protecting bank secrecy and the information that constitutes it in relation to legal entities. Legislative norms on bank secrecy have a number of exceptions and, first of all, this is due to the fact that government agencies will not be able to carry out their work of control and financial monitoring to the required extent due to the lack of information about the availability and flow of funds in the accounts of organizations and enterprises, and the amounts As is known, there is orders of magnitude more money there than in the accounts of individuals. For this reason, in certain cases (strictly prescribed in Federal Law N 395-I and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), a banking organization is obliged to report information constituting bank secrecy at the request of an authorized body, and sometimes without a request automatically, especially with regard to suspicious transactions and cash movements. funds from legal entities' accounts.

In particular, statements of accounts of individual entrepreneurs and legal entities are provided by the bank based on requests from the following government services and structures:

• Courts;
• Tax Inspectorate;
• Rosfinmonitoring;
• Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation;
• Federal Bailiff Service (FSSP);
• Customs Service;
• Pension Fund of Russia (PFR);
• Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (FSS);
• Ministry of Internal Affairs (in the investigation of tax crimes).
• Investigative bodies (four departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, SKP, FSB, FSKN).

In addition to account statements, banks are required to provide tax services with information about the opening or closing of deposits of individual entrepreneurs and legal entities; banks are also required to inform in the event of a change in the details of deposits of organizations or individual entrepreneurs.

According to the law, the Central Bank of Russia has the right to receive information constituting bank secrecy about legal entities from credit institutions.

Abolition of bank secrecy, economic news:

There are also non-governmental organizations that have the right to receive data that constitute banking secrecy, for example, the credit history bureau (BKI). But there is one “but” here - information about banking transactions can be transferred to this organization only with the consent of the client (as a rule, this condition is specified in the agreement with the bank).

Disclosure of bank secrecy about individuals

To whom can the bank disclose information constituting bank secrecy about citizens' accounts? The following services and government agencies have the right to request information that constitutes banking secrecy about individuals from a credit institution:

• Bailiffs Service;
• Central Bank of the Russian Federation;
• Deposit Insurance Agency;
• Investigative authorities.

No credit organization has the right to refuse to disclose bank secrets about individuals to the above-mentioned government services and structures.

Separately, it is worth noting the case of the death of a bank client; in such a situation, the credit institution needs to inform persons associated with the former client (for example, heirs) and provide them with information that constitutes the citizen’s banking secret. Such information may include information about deposits and current bank accounts of the deceased. In such situations, banks apply the following rules:

• If the client has not drawn up a testamentary disposition during his lifetime, then information about his bank accounts will be transferred to a notary who has opened an inheritance case in connection with the death of this person.
• If the client has made a testamentary disposition regarding his bank savings during his lifetime (drawn up and executed directly at the bank branch without the need to notarize), then the bank secret will be disclosed to the heirs whom the citizen indicated in the decree document.

Currently, the Federal Tax Service has the right to request information from banks about the closure or opening of deposits and accounts of citizens. An important point: a particular tax office (IFTS) has the right to request information about an individual that constitutes a banking secret only when such a request is agreed upon with a higher tax authority.

As for the credit history bureau, information about the banking transactions of an individual, which constitutes a banking secret, can be transferred to the BKI only with the consent of the citizen. In most cases, when signing a banking service agreement with a client, it contains a clause stating that the citizen is not against providing some information that is a bank secret to the credit history bureau.

Is banking secrecy violated if information is transferred to a collection agency?

From the current judicial practice it is clear that banking structures have the right to transfer debts on loans of their clients to collection firms. But such actions can only be carried out if a number of conditions are met:

• The debt is transferred by drawing up an agreement on the assignment of the right of claim. In this case, all provisions of the Civil Code of Russia on the assignment agreement must be observed.
• If the borrower of the loan is an individual, then the sale of debt to collection companies (that do not have one) is possible only if this is stipulated in the loan agreement signed by the borrower client.
• If a citizen’s debt is recognized by the court and a writ of execution is issued to the creditor, it can be transferred to any third party, even if the debtor did not consent to such transfer. (Definition of the Supreme Court No. 89-KG15-5 dated 07/07/2015).

Therefore, if the above conditions are met, in the case of transferring and providing her with information about the debtor, such actions do not constitute a violation of a citizen’s bank secrecy.

However, collection agency employees, like bank employees, are required to comply with measures to protect information that is a bank secret from unauthorized persons.

What is the liability for violating bank secrecy? Art. 183 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation

Information constituting banking secrecy is protected by law, therefore authorized persons are obliged to maintain banking secrecy of clients. For the disclosure of such information, the legislation of the Russian Federation provides for liability, even criminal liability!

If an employee of a credit institution violates bank secrecy, the client has every right to demand compensation for the damage caused to him. However, the victim of the disclosure of his bank secrets by negligent employees of the credit institution is obliged to prove the fact of causing losses and their amount. Practice shows that this is associated with certain difficulties.

Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in Art. 183. “Illegal receipt and disclosure of information constituting commercial, tax or banking secrets” determines that, depending on the severity of the consequences of disclosing information containing banking secrets, the following types of punishment may be imposed on the perpetrator:

• A fine of up to 1,500,000 rubles or in the amount of wages or other income of the convicted person for a period of up to three years;
• Deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a period of up to three years;
• Forced labor for up to five years;
• Imprisonment for up to 7 years.

Article 183 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation applies not only to employees of banking organizations; it can also be applied to other persons who had access to information constituting bank secrecy and violated it.

Liability is also provided for persons who illegally collect information constituting commercial, tax or banking secrets by stealing documents, bribery or threats, as well as in other illegal ways.

The Central Bank is trying to shut down illegal cash withdrawal schemes through payment agents and Russian Post. Banks have been given new detailed instructions on how to identify and counter such transactions. This will not block all schemes, but will significantly increase the load on banks. In addition, some of the responsibilities assigned to banks should be carried out by government agencies.

New recommendations on increasing banks' attention to individual customer transactions were published yesterday in the Bulletin of the Bank of Russia. They relate to banks’ control over the activities of payment agent companies (accepting retail payments from the public, including through terminals), as well as companies sending postal transfers from their bank accounts to individuals. It is in these areas, as Rosfinmonitoring representatives previously reported (see Kommersant on March 23), that the main risks of illegal cash withdrawals are concentrated. Now there are instructions to counter these schemes.

The essence of cashing out through payment agents is as follows. When receiving cash from citizens, agents do not credit it to special bank accounts, as required by law, or credit it, but only incompletely. They sell unaccounted cash to those who need it, in exchange receiving non-cash funds from the latter through money transfer companies to their current accounts. They also use them to pay service providers, who also, in violation of the law, do not open special accounts for such payments. In its recommendations, the Central Bank points out to banks the desirability of carefully monitoring the use of both special and current accounts of their clients from among payment agents and service providers, and if the required regimes are violated, to deny them settlements. If the violation occurs twice a year, close the accounts.

The Central Bank in the same “Vestnik” devoted separate recommendations to postal operations of banking clients. The essence of the scheme is the use of bank accounts by resident legal entities to accumulate funds received from a significant number of legal entities, which are subsequently transferred to the accounts of Russian Post branches for issuance in cash to individuals at post offices. As stated in the recommendations of the Central Bank, clients conducting such operations, as a rule, have signs of shell companies. To counter this scheme, the Central Bank advises banks to request from legal entities sending a large number of postal orders to individuals an agreement concluded by such a company with Russian Post, and the grounds for payments to individuals under this agreement.

“This will allow us to remove from banks at least those who avoid concluding an agreement with Pochta in order not to spend money on paying for its services, which indirectly confirms the client’s malicious intent,” notes the head of the financial monitoring department of a top-50 bank. Banks are also recommended to carefully monitor such transactions of corporate clients and send information about them to Rosfinmonitoring (if an unusual nature of transactions is detected). And in case of failure to provide the requested information, follow the same two scenarios as in relation to dubious transactions of paying agents.

This is the first time that the Central Bank has given clear instructions to banks on how to combat the described schemes. And although they are advisory in nature, in practice banks usually try to follow the anti-money laundering letters of the Central Bank, bankers point out. “Moreover, compliance with the new recommendations of the Central Bank will make the facts of such dubious transactions known to Rosfinmonitoring, which, in turn, can conduct an investigation and report this to law enforcement agencies,” adds the head of the financial monitoring service of a top-20 bank.

However, implementing the recommendations will not always be easy. “Banks will not delve into complex multi-step chains; the recommendations proposed by the Central Bank will help overcome only more or less simple schemes,” says Alexey Gusev, a member of the expert council of the Institute of Financial Planning. “Our client has a diversified payment business: he replenishes electronic wallets, pays for housing and communal services, mobile communications, the Internet, etc.,” says one of the bankers. “If the chain is confusing, it will not be easy to figure out when, to whom and for what he transferred the funds and whether these are the same funds that he received from the population, especially if he has many accounts in different banks,” he explains. In addition, as Mr. Gusev points out, some recommendations excessively expand the range of anti-money laundering responsibilities of bankers. “According to the law on paying agents, tax authorities, not banks, are required to monitor the correctness of the transfer of revenue to special accounts,” he notes.

The Central Bank is waiting for explanations from 57 banks

Since the introduction of amendments to the anti-money laundering legislation in the summer of 2013, which gave banks the right to refuse clients to carry out suspicious transactions, and after two such refusals to completely close clients’ accounts, the volume of suspicious transactions has been reduced by half. This assessment was given on Friday by Deputy Director of Rosfinmonitoring Galina Bobrysheva. “More than 100 thousand messages from banks were recorded about refusals to open accounts for clients, about closing accounts, as well as about refusals to carry out transactions totaling 170 billion rubles,” she noted, adding that clients almost do not appeal such actions of banks. In addition, in November last year, the Central Bank recommended that banks inform Rosfinmonitoring about where their “refusenik” clients are transferring their funds. According to Rosfinmonitoring estimates, over three months, banks sent 15 thousand messages to the service about transactions worth 27 billion rubles. Also, at the end of last year, the Central Bank drew attention to the increasing volumes of “transit” transactions, in which funds from many other residents are regularly credited to the client’s account with their subsequent prompt write-off without paying taxes. According to the head of the Central Bank's Main Directorate for the Central Federal District (CFD), Olga Polyakova, the Central Bank has identified 57 banks in the Central Federal District conducting such operations. This is almost 12% of the total number of credit institutions supervised by the Central Bank of the Central Federal District. “We are waiting for clarification from these banks on the economic meaning of the transactions of such clients,” she said on Friday.

Credit is a loan of funds, i.e. receiving the amount that the bank lends to the citizen on the terms provided for in the agreement.

Borrower is a citizen receiving a loan.

A guarantor is a person who provides a guarantee to the borrower and, in the event of his failure to fulfill his obligations to repay the loan, is jointly and severally liable to the bank.

The interest rate on a loan is the amount that a citizen must pay to the bank for using funds. The interest rate on the loan is paid only for the actual use of funds.

A loan agreement is a written agreement between a citizen and a bank, which specifies the essential terms of the loan: the amount of the loan; loan term, interest rate on the loan, full cost of the loan, property liability of the parties, procedure for terminating and amending the agreement, etc.

The effective interest rate (full cost of the loan) is the real cost of the loan; the bank includes in this rate all costs associated with issuing a loan.

Main types of loans:

Consumer loan;

car loan;

credit card;

What is a consumer loan?

Consumer loan is a loan provided by a bank to a citizen (consumer) for the purpose of purchasing goods (work, services) for personal, family, household and other needs not related to business activities.

The purposes of a consumer loan may be different. For example, a loan for the purchase of household goods, other goods, a loan for educational purposes, for treatment, a car loan, a loan for the purchase of real estate, etc.

How does a bank make a decision on issuing a loan?

1. To receive a loan, the bank requires the citizen to submit the necessary documents. The list of documents is determined by the bank and the type of loan.

An approximate list of documents required by banks:

identity document - passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation;

other documents identifying the citizen, for example - a foreign passport, driver's license;

certificate of state pension insurance;

medical insurance;

income certificate form 2 personal income tax;

bank sample income certificate;

certificates of income of guarantors;

documents confirming that the borrower has any property;

documents confirming the borrower’s marital status and the presence of children.

2. The bank must make sure of the borrower’s solvency. What does the bank pay attention to when issuing a loan?

The bank may invite the borrower to fill out a form of a certain sample. Based on the information specified therein, the bank classifies borrowers into various groups, which allows them to assess credit risk (so-called scoring);

availability of necessary expenses for a citizen, i.e. the amount of monthly loan payments should not exceed a certain percentage of the consumer’s income;

the presence of one or more guarantors, depending on the loan amount, as well as the level of income of the guarantors;

the borrower has real or movable property or securities to transfer such property to the bank as collateral for the loan;

whether the borrower has a family or children. When deciding whether to issue a loan, the bank takes into account the family budget, those obligatory expenses borne by the consumer and his family;

the borrower has other credit obligations;

positive or negative credit history.

What is an express loan?

Every citizen has come across offers from household appliance stores offering to purchase one or another technically complex product (refrigerator, washing machine, vacuum cleaner, etc.) on credit on favorable terms without any overpayments or on very favorable credit terms. For example, the “10-10-10” program, when the consumer pays 10% of the cost of the goods in the store, the remaining cost is paid to the bank within 10 months with a payment of 1% per month for using the loan.

Thus, when receiving a loan in a store, the consumer enters into an express loan agreement. At low interest rates on a loan, the bank may set a high total cost of the loan. In addition, for such loans, banks bear great risks associated with failure to fulfill loan obligations on the part of the borrower.

As a rule, the bank provides an express loan only on the basis of the borrower’s application and the consumer’s passport.

Loan repayment methods

There are two ways to pay the loan in installments:

annuity payment - payment in equal monthly installments, including the amount of the principal debt and the amount of accrued interest;

differentiated payment - loan payment in unequal payments, the amount of the monthly payment decreases towards the end of the loan term.

The main violations committed by banks when providing loans.

1. Banks charge additional one-time and monthly fees in addition to interest for using a loan (for servicing a loan, for providing a loan, for maintaining a loan, for maintaining a loan account, etc.).

2. Failure to provide necessary and reliable information about the financial services provided (information about the size of the loan, the full cost of the loan, the amount of debt incurred, the amount of the penalty, etc.).

3. Inclusion in the contract of conditions that infringe on the rights of consumers in comparison with the rules established by legislation on the protection of consumer rights.

4. Conditioning the provision of a loan on mandatory insurance services, opening a current account, etc.

5. Changing the terms of the loan agreement (interest rate) unilaterally without the consent of the borrower.

6. Limitation of consumer rights to choose jurisdiction.

1. Before deciding to receive a loan, realistically assess your needs for obtaining a loan and your ability to service it in a timely manner (repay it). Terminating a signed contract is much more difficult than entering into one.

3. Don't rush to sign documents. Read the contract carefully. Be sure to review the following information:

the size of the effective interest rate (the full cost of the loan). There are common cases when the bank draws the consumer’s attention to the interest on the loan, and indicates the full cost of the loan in small print in the agreement. At the same time, interest on the loan is usually less than the full cost of the loan;

inclusion of additional services in the contract (insurance services, opening a current account, etc.). Additional services can only be provided with the written consent of the consumer. This is a right, not an obligation, of the consumer;

the presence of commissions and other additional payments in the contract. According to the law, the consumer is obliged to return the principal amount of the loan to the bank and pay interest on it. Commissions can only be collected legally;

consideration of legal disputes at the location of the bank. In accordance with the law on the protection of consumer rights, the right to choose jurisdiction (at the place of residence, location of the bank) belongs to the consumer. However, the bank may limit the consumer’s right to choose jurisdiction in the agreement. For example, all disputes should be considered only at the location of the bank (Moscow, Samara, etc.).

4. Ask the bank representative for an agreement form with all essential terms, including appendices to the agreement, tariffs, rules for granting a loan, etc. for a detailed study of the house or obtain advice from independent specialists. Remember that when concluding a loan agreement, the bank must assume that the consumer does not have special knowledge about the services provided.

5. The consumer may be charged interest for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of loan obligations. Pay attention to their size.

6. If it is impossible to fulfill loan obligations for a good reason, you must immediately contact the bank in writing, attaching supporting documents.

7. If the accrued penalties for late loan obligations are disproportionately high, the consumer has the right to go to court with a demand to reduce the amounts charged to him.

8. If the borrower fails to repay the loan (part of the loan), the bank has the right to demand early repayment of the entire remaining loan amount along with the interest due.

9. The bank has the right to assign the right to claim debt under a loan to another organization (collection agency) without the consent of the debtor, but at the same time notify the borrower about this in writing.

10. The bank does not have the right to transfer information about the loan to the credit history bureau (a commercial organization that provides services for the formation, processing and storage of credit histories) without the written consent of the consumer.

11. The consumer has the right to contact each credit history bureau once a year for free or any number of times for a fee without explaining the reason to receive a report on his credit history.

Instructions

First of all, think carefully about whether what you are going to buy is necessary. If you don’t need it here and now, you can simply save up to buy it. If it is a luxury item, you can do without it. A loan is beneficial only to financial institutions; for ordinary citizens it is always an overpayment and unnecessary worries. Soberly assess your financial capabilities to repay the loan. Consider whether you will be able to make payments if a crisis occurs, if you lose your job, or if any other troubles occur. As a rule, these troubles come unexpectedly and are completely independent of the borrower’s wishes. When purchasing something on credit, be sure to have some financial reserves - cash savings for a rainy day or additional sources of income.

Don't take out a loan from the first bank you come across. Thoroughly study the proposals of all organizations. Immediately reject offers from banks that are too far from home or work. Pay attention to the institution’s work schedule, the number of branches in the city, the accessibility and remoteness of places where you can make the next payment. Find out what methods you can make payments without commission - the more, the better. Many banks have a standard loan agreement on their website. Read it until every letter of this document becomes clear. Find out the meaning of all dubious and incomprehensible phrases from a credit expert. Even better, take this agreement to a lawyer and ask him to point out all the pitfalls and ambiguities.

Be sure to find out what will happen in case of late payment and in the event that it is no longer possible to pay. This question can be found out both in the bank itself and on the Internet, based on reviews of debtors. Store and never lose all documents related to the loan: agreement, all its attachments, payment receipts. Never take out a loan in foreign currency, even if the interest rates are very low. Never give bank employees the phone numbers of your boss or relatives. Even if there is a delay in payment, they will be bothered, and you can quickly lose your job and ruin your relationship with your family.

If you have the opportunity to pay off the loan early, use it. After repaying the loan, make sure that the loan account is closed. It’s better to ask for a document stating that there is no debt to the bank and it has no claims. Until you pay it off, always have in your nest egg an amount equal to two monthly payments; for a mortgage, equal to six payments. In case of force majeure, this will save you from problems. If you are applying for a credit card, connect to all remote services - online banking and mobile banking.

Interest rates on loans have recently increased by approximately 2-3%, this is explained by banks' anticipation of a second wave of the crisis.

But, nevertheless, banks are in conditions of rather fierce competition; they are interested in attracting more clients. This is reflected in the variety of loan programs offered, from which you can choose the most suitable one.

However, banks, widely advertising their services, often mention low interest rates and favorable conditions without overpayment. You should not always believe such advertising, but it is better to make sure that the offer is profitable by studying in detail the terms of the proposed loan. This article will provide various tips that will help you make your choice and understand some of the tricks and pitfalls of lending.

It is worth remembering that interest on a loan and interest on a deposit should not be considered as equivalent amounts, since they are calculated according to different principles. The interest on the loan is usually higher, but it is charged on the balance of the debt, which gradually becomes smaller. Therefore, by taking out a loan of 100 thousand rubles at 23% per annum, you will overpay about 12.5 thousand rubles per year, and by making a deposit at 12.5% ​​per annum (some banks offer such conditions), you will receive the same amount as arrived.

Almost any bank can offer several lending programs. They can be divided into two groups:

• loans to those for whom it is important to receive funds as soon as possible, but there is no way to prove their financial income;
• loans for those who have some time and the opportunity to collect the necessary documents.

Express loan is the fastest way to get money, but the interest rate here, of course, is very high. In this case, if the bank does not have time to check the borrower’s reliability, all risks are included in the high rate. Conventional loans, when the bank checks the documents provided by the client and makes a decision within a few days, are more profitable in terms of overpayment.

Since the choice of loan programs offered is very wide, it is worth choosing several suitable ones from different banks, submitting an application for a loan to each, and then finally choosing the most profitable option. You can use the Internet by visiting bank websites. Often on such sites you can calculate upcoming payments using special loan calculators.

• www.banki.ru
• www.credcalc.ru
• www.sravni.ru.

When choosing, you should consider the following points:

1. First of all, pay attention to your salary bank. Banks offer additional benefits if the client receives wages on the card of this bank. If the conditions do not suit you, then consider the offers of large banks. It is better if it is a state or foreign bank; the rates of such banks are lower due to lower risks.
2. Be sure to ask what the effective rate, or total cost of the loan, will be. For you, this is the most important indicator by which you can compare offers from different banks. The effective rate will include the nominal rate and various fees charged by the bank when processing and servicing the loan. It is worth noting here that for advertising purposes, banks often offer interest-free loans, but they compensate for the lack of interest with various commission payments. As a result, it turns out that an interest-free loan is not the most profitable.
3. For most borrowers, it is easier to navigate various offers by comparing the amount of overpayment. This indicator is even more clear than interest rates and will let you know whether you are choosing an expensive or cheap loan.
4. Amount, term and currency of the deposit. The amount should be the amount that you really need, it is better to choose the shortest possible period, but so that monthly payments are about 20-30% of your income - experts consider these conditions to be the most comfortable. It is better to take out a loan in rubles so as not to depend on changes in exchange rates.
5. If possible, you should always take out insurance, especially if the loan is a large amount. An insurance policy, at a low cost, will reduce your risks.
6. Carefully study the terms of the contract, especially items marked with an “*” and with explanations in the form of a footnote in small print. Sometimes you can find rather veiled transcripts and explanations in these footnotes, somehow “magically” turning 0% per annum into 15%, or masking large one-time commissions, but they always need to be reduced to three important indicators: the effective rate in annual terms, the one-time commission, the monthly commission.

Conditions for early loan repayment are very important, as this allows you to reduce final costs. Banks are required by law to allow early repayment, but since they do not want to lose their interest income, they impose various sanctions.

For example, there are moratoriums on early loan repayment for a certain period from the date the loan is issued. This is introduced so that the bank can receive a certain guaranteed benefit from lending. For consumer and car loans, this period can be equal to 3 months, for mortgages – from six months.

When repaying a loan early, the bank may impose various fees, but since 2011 they have been considered illegal, and you have every right to file a lawsuit. If the loan is a small amount, then the commission will be also small, but in the case of a mortgage, the amount will be significant.

Find out the size and procedure for making the minimum amount for early repayment of the loan. If additional available funds become available, you will be able to reduce the debt base on the loan, and thereby reduce the percentage of overpayments on it. But there is a certain feature here: banks, as a rule, set a lower limit on the amount of early payment.

Please note that the bank first debits the amount from your account and then compares the balance with the minimum early repayment amount. If you applied for early repayment and the account balance exceeds the required minimum amount, then early repayment will take place. If the account balance is less than the specified amount, then it will simply remain in your account until the next payment.

There are two loan payment schemes. The annuity scheme involves the payment of equal amounts throughout the entire loan repayment period. First, interest payments prevail, then the principal amount is paid. This scheme is convenient because the deposit of funds occurs quite evenly.

With a differentiated payment scheme, the initial amounts pay off the principal debt; their size is quite large, which is not acceptable for everyone. This scheme is more beneficial for those who would like to. It will reduce the amount of payments by reducing the principal amount of the debt, according to which interest is calculated. Naturally, the smaller the debt balance, the lower the amount of interest on it. As a result, the amount of interest with differentiated payments is less than with annuity payments.

You can significantly reduce the interest rate on a loan (sometimes up to 10%) by submitting documents confirming your income to the bank (certificate 2-NDFL). Also of certain importance is a positive credit history, last job for at least a year, the presence of guarantors, as well as whether you have previously been a client of this bank.

For large amounts of debt, for example in the case of a mortgage, it may make sense to seek advice from a specialist broker. In this case, payment for his services may be much less than the amount of savings obtained, both time and money.